The effect of long-term aerial exposure on intertidal mudflat erodibility     

Hieu M. Nguyen  Karin R. Bryan  Conrad A. Pilditch 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(14):3623-3638

Intertidal zones by definition are exposed to air at low tide, and the exposure duration can be weeks (e.g. during neap tides) depending on water level and bed elevation. Here we investigated the effect of varying exposure duration (6 h to 10 days) on intertidal mudflat erosion (measured using the EROMES device), where the effects of water content and biofilm biomass (using chlorophyll-a content as a proxy, Chl-a μg g⁻¹) were taken into account. Sediments were collected between spring and summer (in October 2018, January 2019 and February 2019) from an intertidal site in the Firth of Thames, New Zealand. Longer exposure duration resulted in more stable sediments [higher erosion threshold (Ƭ_cr, N m⁻²) and lower erosion rate (ER, g m⁻² s⁻¹)]. After 10 days, exposure increased Ƭ_cr by 1.7 to 4.4 times and decreased ER by 11.6 to 21.5 times compared with 6 h of exposure. Chl-a and water content changed with exposure duration and were significantly correlated with changes in Ƭ_cr and ER. The stability of sediments after two re-submersion periods following exposure was also examined and showed that the stabilizing effect of exposure persisted even though water content had increased to non-exposure levels. Re-submersion was associated with an increase in Chl-a content, which likely counteracted the destabilizing influence of increased water content. A site-specific model, which included the interplay between evaporation and biofilm biomass, was developed to predict water content as a function of exposure duration. The modelled water content (W_Mod.) explained 98% of the observed variation in water content (W_Obs.). These results highlight how the exposure period can cause subtle changes to erosion regimes of sediments. An understanding of these effects (e.g. in sediment transport modelling) is critical to predicting the resilience of intertidal zones into the future, when sea-level rise is believed to exacerbate erosion in low-lying areas. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Geochemical evolution of groundwater in hard-rock aquifers of South India using statistical and modelling techniques     

Annadasankar Roy  Hemant Mohokar  Diksha Pant  Uday Kumar Sinha  G. N. Mendhekar 《水文科学杂志》2020,65(6):951-968

ABSTRACT

Multivariate statistical analysis and inverse geochemical modelling techniques were employed to deduce the mechanism of groundwater evolution in the hard-rock terrain of Telangana, South India. Q-mode hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to extract the hydrogeochemical characteristics and classify the groundwater samples into three principal groups. Use of thermodynamic stability diagrams and inverse geochemical modelling in PHREEQC identified the chemical reactions controlling hydrogeochemistry of each of the groups obtained from statistical analysis. The model output showed that a few phases are governing the water chemistry in this area and the geochemical reactions responsible for evolution of groundwater chemistry along the flow path are (i) dissolution of evaporite minerals (dolomite, halite); (ii) dissolution of primary silicate minerals (albite, anorthite, K-feldspar, biotite); (iii) precipitation of secondary silicate minerals (kaolinite, quartz, gibbsite, Ca-montmorillonite) along with anhydrite and calcite; and (iv) reverse ion exchange processes.  相似文献   

SESTET: A spatially explicit stream temperature model based on equilibrium temperature     

Luca Carraro  Marco Toffolon  Andrea Rinaldo  Enrico Bertuzzo 《水文研究》2020,34(2):355-369

Stream-water temperature is a key variable controlling chemical, biological, and ecological processes in freshwater environments. Most models focus on a single river cross-section; however, temperature gradients along stretches and tributaries of a river network are crucial to assess ecohydrological features such as aquatic species suitability, growth and feeding rates, or disease transmission. We propose SESTET, a deterministic, spatially explicit stream temperature model for a whole river network, based on water and energy budgets at a reach scale and requiring only commonly available spatially distributed datasets, such as morphology and air temperature, as input. Heat exchange processes at the air–water interface are modelled via the widely used equilibrium temperature concept, whereas the effects of network structure are accounted for through advective heat fluxes. A case study was conducted on the prealpine Wigger river (Switzerland), where water temperatures have been measured in the period 2014–2018 at 11 spatially distributed locations. The results show the advantages of accounting for water and energy budgets at the reach scale for the entire river network, compared with simpler, lumped formulations. Because our approach fundamentally relies on spatially distributed air temperature fields, adequate spatial interpolation techniques that account for the effects of both elevation and thermal inversion in air temperature are key to a successful application of the model. SESTET allows the assessment of the magnitude of the various components of the heat budget at the reach scale and the derivation of reliable estimates of spatial gradients of mean daily stream temperatures for the whole catchment based on a limited number of conveniently located (viz., spanning the largest possible elevation range) measuring stations. Moreover, accounting for mixing processes and advective fluxes through the river network allows one to trust regionalized values of the parameters controlling the relationship between equilibrium and air temperature, a key feature to generalize the model to data-scarce catchments.  相似文献   

2020年7月12日唐山MS5.1地震预警处理能力分析     

王莉婵  毛国良  李小军  王宁  王亚玲 《中国地震》2020,36(3):394-406

2020年7月12日，河北唐山发生M_S5.1地震，河北省地震预警系统成功地处理并产出了这次地震预警各种结果数据，本文借助此次地震对河北地震预警网内震中距200km范围内台站产出质量以及地震预警前5次处理结果进行详细分析。此次地震发生在河北地震预警网内，平均台间距为10km，首台触发后3s、震后6s发布首次处理结果，与编目结果相比，震级偏差为-1.3，震中位置偏差为2.6km，盲区半径为18km。随着参与定位台站数量增多，震级与位置偏差越来越小，但震级仍整体偏小。河北地震预警网台站产出质量整体较高，其中烈度台作为地震预警最重要的组成部分，是决定预警效果的关键因素。本次地震震中距200km范围内，烈度台平均信噪比为48，震中距50km范围内平均信噪比为112，符合预警系统对信噪比的要求。本次地震预警结果表明，河北地震预警网内台站布局基本合理，波形质量较高，地震预警系统处理软件在本次地震中预警产出效果较好，已经具备了一定的地震预警能力。  相似文献   

基于GRACE RL05数据研究智利地震长期震后重力变化特征          下载免费PDF全文

严畅达  徐亚 《地球物理学报》2019,62(6):2115-2127

利用GRACE卫星重力可对地震引起的大范围重力变化进行观测,并从重力数据中发现主要的变化特征.发生于2010年的MW8.8智利地震震级较高,可观测到震中附近广泛的同震和震后长期重力变化.本文基于GRACE RL05Level-2时变重力场数据,对2010年智利地震的同震和震后长期变化进行了计算.对同震变化的计算发现,智利地震引起的同震变化极值达-5μGal,而本文为减小水文信号的干扰而采用的3年平均的方法可以获得良好的效果.在对震后重力变化的计算中发现,智利地震震后在2011—2016年间的重力变化存在先增大后逐渐衰减的过程.对震后变化的拟合表明,智利地震震中附近有约1μGal的震后重力变化,震后变化的特征时间约1.1年.同时,在智利地震中未出现较明显的两个震后变化阶段(短期、长期).  相似文献   

岩石铷-锶和钐-钕同位素标准物质的研制     

唐索寒  李津  潘辰旭  刘辉  闫斌 《岩矿测试》2021,(2):285-295

通常样品的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr和¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd同位素比值分析采用SRM9⁸⁷、JNdi-1作为标准物质,它们分别是纯的碳酸盐和氧化物,适用于监控质谱测试过程。中国现有的钐-钕地质和铷-锶年龄标准物质,分别为玄武岩和钾长石,它们与很多地质样品的基质存在差别。仅有这两种基质的标准物质不能有效地监控不同地质样品Rb-Sr、Sm-Nd同位素分析过程,因此研制不同岩性的Rb-Sr、Sm-Nd同位素标准物质具有重要现实意义。本文采集中国典型地区的橄榄岩、榴辉岩和花岗岩作为候选物,严格按照《一级标准物质技术规范》(JJF 1006-1994)和《标准物质定值的通用原则及统计学原理》(JJF 1343-2012)等相关标准物质国家计量技术规范和国家标准,研制了橄榄岩、榴辉岩和花岗岩铷-锶、钐-钕同位素标准物质(编号为GBW04139、GBW04140、GBW04141),其中橄榄岩标准物质适用于高Mg、Fe,低Rb、Nd含量样品的分析,榴辉岩和花岗岩标准物质适用于含有难溶副矿物的岩石样品的分析。每个标准物质具有6个特性量值,Rb、Sr、Sm和Nd含量分布分别为0.16~64μg/g、12~560μg/g、0.1~3.2μg/g和0.3~15.3μg/g,⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值分布为0.70446~0.71309,¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd比值分布为0.51115~0.51267,同位素比值精度达到或优于同类标准物质。这些特性量值更接近实际样品,使用时将更加有效和方便。该系列标准物质可用于校准仪器和评价方法,并能有效监控实验室此类样品的铷-锶、钐-钕同位素分析过程。  相似文献   

中国西部寒区流域冰川水文调节功能研究     

贺青山  杨建平  陈虹举  王彦霞  唐凡  冀钦  葛秋伶 《冰川冻土》2021,43(5):1512-1522

冰川作为固体水库以“削峰填谷”的形式显著调节径流丰枯变化,冰川的水文调节功能对于中国西北干旱区至关重要。使用现有VIC-CAS模型模拟得到中国西部寒区2014—2100年径流预估数据,从趋势和波动变化相结合的视角,基于径流变差系数法,构建了冰川水文调节指数（Glacier_R）,分析了9个寒区流域冰川径流变化的稳定性,详细剖析了历史时期（1971—2010年）和未来到21世纪末这些流域冰川水文调节功能的强弱变化。结果表明：历史时期及RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下,除长江流域外,青藏高原其余流域的冰川径流减小时间节点为2020s,西北内陆河流域则为2010s。历史时期及RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下至21世纪末,尽管西部寒区大部分流域的冰川径流呈减少趋势,但波动幅度减小或无明显变化,冰川径流稳定性增强或无变化。总体上,西北内陆河流域的冰川水文调节功能较高,青藏高原流域的冰川水文调节功能较低。RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下,至21世纪末,西部寒区各流域冰川水文调节功能均呈现减弱趋势,西北内陆河流域减弱更加显著,如RCP4.5情景下,木扎提河冰川水文调节功能降幅达25.4%,而青藏高原各流域的冰川水文调节功能一直处于较低水平。从年代际变化来看,1970s—2010s是寒区流域冰川水文调节功能较强的时期,1980s和2000s两个时段冰川水文调节功能尤强;RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下,未来到21世纪末,冰川调节功能明显减弱。减弱的时间节点不同,最早为1970s,最晚为2020s。  相似文献   

金沙江白格滑坡残留体稳定性分析与防治对策     

朱德明  李鹏岳  胡孝洪  吴新明 《现代地质》2021,35(1):56-63

金沙江白格滑坡在经历了2018年10月和11月的2次滑动堵江后,在其后缘仍存在K1、K2和K3等3处规模较大的残留崩滑体,并有再次失稳堵江的可能。目前关于残留体稳定性的研究还存在较大争议,多从影响因素及成因机制等方面进行定性分析,其结果依赖于评价者的经验,差异较大。在野外调查的基础上,针对白格滑坡所在区工程地质条件及其残留体变形特征,选取坡高、坡度、坡面形态、临空面、地下水出露、裂缝发育和变形等7个因素作为评价因子,基于模糊综合评判模型,运用层次分析法对白格滑坡残留体进行分区稳定性评价,并提出相应的防治对策。评价结果表明:K1与K2残留体稳定性较差;K3残留体基本稳定,与实际调查状况较吻合。研究结果可为同类型滑坡的评价与防治提供参考。  相似文献   

冻融循环下加筋膨胀土边坡稳定性模型试验     

吕建航  杨忠年  时伟  李国玉  凌贤长  张莹莹 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2021,51(5):1587-1596

控制边坡在冻融循环中的劣化作用,可保障季节冻土区域膨胀土边坡长期稳定。为确定土工格栅对膨胀土边坡在冻融循环过程中的稳定效果与工程意义,本文开展了膨胀土边坡模型试验,对比冻融过程中边坡内土压力、含水率、位移、温度变化。结果表明：土工格栅可约束膨胀土冻融裂缝,使裂缝发育更为均匀一致,同时减小边坡位移;加筋材料能抑制边坡水分迁移与热传导并减小土压力变化;对膨胀土边坡加筋处理可显著降低含水率波动幅值,从而减小膨胀土受含水率变化引发的胀缩劣化;不同于普通黏土,膨胀土边坡冻融循环中呈现冻缩融胀特点,而边坡加筋可有效提升冻土区膨胀土边坡的冻融稳定性,具有工程应用价值。  相似文献   

基于理想点-可拓云模型的隧道围岩稳定性评价   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

何乐平  罗舒月  胡启军  蔡其杰  李浴辉 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2021,32(2):126-134

为了对隧道围岩稳定性进行准确评价并解决研究过程中存在的模糊性和随机性以及评价指标不相容的问题,减少单一的主客观赋权法所带来的误差,将云模型引入可拓理论中,利用可拓理论能够实现矛盾问题向相容问题转化的特点和云模型具有处理事物双重不确定性的优势并结合理想点组合赋权法对隧道围岩进行稳定性评价研究。通过文献调研、数据统计的方式,选取具有代表性的6个指标组成隧道围岩评价指标体系,用理想点法赋予评价指标组合权重,并构建可拓云模型对隧道围岩稳定性进行综合评价。通过将此方法应用于工程实例并与其他方法对比,结果表明:基于理想点-可拓云模型的隧道围岩稳定性评价方法能够减少评价过程中存在的不确定性问题,克服单一赋权方法的不足,具有良好的适用性,可以应用于实际工程中。  相似文献